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(2) Influence of casting material: a. The higher the carbon content in the material, the smaller the linear shrinkage rate, and the lower the carbon content, the greater the linear shrinkage rate. b. The casting shrinkage rate of common materials is as follows: casting shrinkage rate K=(LM-LJ)/LJ×100%, LM is the cavity size, and LJ is the casting size. K is affected by the following factors: wax mold K1, casting structure K2, alloy type K3, pouring temperature K4.

Dry sand casting differs from its green counterpart primarily in its use of dried molding sand. The molds are baked in an oven to harden the sand, creating a more rigid mold. This method reduces the moisture content and, in turn, the likelihood of defects like gas porosity.