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Sand casting involves creating a mold from sand, which is then filled with molten metal to form a desired shape. The process typically includes several steps pattern creation, mold preparation, pouring, and cooling. Traditionally, patterns are often made from wood or metal, which can be labor-intensive and time-consuming to produce. The patterns must be designed to allow for the shrinkage of the metal during cooling and to facilitate the removal of the cast from the mold. This highlights one of the primary challenges in sand casting designing for manufacturability while accommodating the limitations of conventional materials and techniques.

Abrasive Jet Machining (AJM) is a non-traditional machining process that utilizes a high-velocity jet of air or gas mixed with abrasive particles to erode material from a workpiece. This process is especially valuable for machining hard or brittle materials that are challenging to work with traditional methods. Understanding the various process parameters of AJM is crucial for optimizing machining performance and achieving desired results.