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The primary components of green sand include silicon dioxide (the main ingredient), clay, and water. The silicon dioxide provides the bulk of the sand, while the clay acts as a binder that helps the sand grains stick together. The addition of water is crucial, as it enhances the mold's strength and workability during the casting process. The specific types of clay used, typically bentonite, give the green sand its unique properties, including good moldability and thermal stability.