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Sand casting is a metal casting process that involves creating a mold from a mixture of sand, clay, and water. The first step in this process is to prepare the mold. A pattern, typically made of metal or plastic, is pressed into a sand mixture to create a cavity in the shape of the desired engine block. Once the mold is formed, it is aligned and secured, and molten metal, usually made from aluminum or iron, is poured into the cavity. After cooling, the mold is broken away to reveal the cast engine block, which undergoes further machining to achieve the necessary specifications and finish.